Sarcouncil Journal of Engineering and Computer Sciences

Abstract: The increasing deployment of autonomous systems in robotics, transportation, aerospace, and industrial automation has intensified the demand for intelligent control approaches capable of achieving robust, adaptive, and safe operation in complex environments. This paper presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of three major classes of intelligent controllers reactive, learning-based, and hybrid model-based/data-driven strategies evaluated across criteria including adaptability, robustness, computational efficiency, stability guarantees, and scalability. A unified taxonomy is proposed to characterize the structural and functional distinctions among controller types, followed by a systematic performance assessment under nominal conditions, disturbance and uncertainty scenarios, and real-time operational constraints. Results show that learning-based controllers, particularly reinforcement learning and neural-network-driven approaches, achieve superior adaptability and task accuracy but require substantial computational resources and lack formal stability guarantees. Reactive controllers exhibit strong robustness and efficiency but limited generalization. Hybrid architectures consistently demonstrate the most balanced performance by combining the predictability and stability of model-based control with the flexibility of learning-driven adaptation. Practical implications are discussed for robotics, autonomous vehicles, UAVs, and industrial automation, where safety, real-time responsiveness, and resilience to uncertainty remain critical. The study highlights key trade-offs such as accuracy versus computational demand and robustness versus adaptability and identifies hybridization as a promising direction for advancing reliable autonomous control. The findings provide a structured basis for selecting and designing intelligent controllers for next-generation autonomous systems.