Sarcouncil Journal of Engineering and Computer Sciences

Abstract: This critical review examines the current landscape, challenges, and future directions of Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) technologies in industrial applications. Despite contributing 24% of global greenhouse emissions, heavy industries face significant economic, technical, and policy-related barriers in implementing CCUS solutions. The review analyzes various CCUS methodologies, including post-combustion capture, pre-combustion capture, and direct air capture, evaluating their commercial readiness and economic viability. Notable findings indicate that post-combustion capture has achieved high technological readiness levels (TRL 9), but widespread adoption remains limited due to high capital costs, energy penalties, and infrastructure requirements. The study examines successful implementations, such as the Boundary Dam and Petra Nova projects, while highlighting critical integration challenges, including geological constraints, transportation infrastructure, and regulatory frameworks. Analysis of policy mechanisms reveals that tax credits and government incentives play crucial roles in facilitating CCUS deployment, though current support structures require strengthening. The review concludes that successful CCUS implementation demands a coordinated approach combining technological innovation, robust policy frameworks, and strategic industry partnerships, while emphasizing the need for continued research and development to reduce costs and improve efficiency.